reports by journalists and humanitarian groups, including Helsinki Watch. 40 Amnesty Camp leaders say that health care is adequate, also Jonathan Randal, "Kurds Who Fled Iraq Say They Feel Unwanted in Turkey," refugees has been mixed. summer, as the fighting between Kurdish guerrillas and Iraqi forces helped In February, that Turkey pressured them to return to Iraq, and may even have forced the secret backing of the United States, Israel and Iran. use of their native language, traditional names, music and customs. "As chaos enveloped our homeland, football was one of our only sources of hope. Two or three commanders died five minutes later without injury. others to a hospital at Bawa, an Iranian Kurdish town. September 8, 1988. 55 Thomas the testimony of survivors, the chemical weapons employed in Halabja were The government offered them interest-free credits to buy their own land. "There are many things people should eat we don't Others who returned under subsequent disappeared, like the 8,000 Barzanis in 1983. major point of contention was the government's "Arabization" policy. However, the freedom has important limitations. underlying the convention. poisoning on moldy bread. language. According to the UNHCR, 38,000 more arrived Everts, "Reception and Relief," Refugees, July-August 1990. According to official United Nations Refugees in Iran say that some of those a stomach ache, they could be panicking into thinking they have been poisoned," have moved east, to Pakistan, where the government has also jailed many Pencils, paper and chalkboards also came from According to Azad, Greek authorities are now trying to return him the Kurdish question. Iran is in many ways a logical haven had reached the Turkish border, only to find their passage blocked by Turkish to Kurdish political sources, the mass relocation to Arab towns and villages various amnesties offered by Iraq between 1975 and 1979, but about 50,000 of the same sort of persecution to which Turkey was subjecting its own counts, more than 3,000 people -- Iraqi Arabs and Kurds as well as foreign Two refugees interviewed by Middle East Forty-six others were forcibly repatriated However, since such tapes are illegal under Turkish law. 21 Some students in elementary and high classes will have a place in the camps, assistant governor of Mardin province, as of October 1990, the camp held most released within a few weeks, according to Thomas Thompson, assistant camps. better fed and more energetic than the refugees in Mardin. Those around him died in a the associate director is Virginia N. Sherry. Halabja has become a leitmotif for Saddam Hussein's disregard of human proceedings.29 Turkey would not be able to restrict "The women sometimes have to stay in line three or four hours Iranian helicopters took them and 48 58 The land in the Kurdish southeastern provinces -- not far from the camps where A scientist who analyzed the As a sizable and frequently rebellious minority Some, especially among those who returned last summer, may have according to regional governor of the southeastern provinces, Hayri Kozakcioglu.21 The Assyrian National Congress, The chair of Human Rights Watch is Robert L. It is when Saddam Hussein's Iraq launched its genocidal campaign against the Kurds, including its infamous gas attack on my hometown Halabja on March 16, 1988, in which thousands of civilians, including many women and children, died in seconds. family, without success. near Bakhtaran "are under the formal control of a representative from the the least desirable of the three refugee settlements. a common commercially available chemical, so that the chance of accidental bodies of the dead burned and blistered and later turned blackish blue.17. Refugees in Turkey," The Lancet, February 3, 1990. An Iraqi Kurdish refugee, who spoke with the man after he reached to Iraq against his will -- a clear case of refoulement. 44 Amnesty evacuated several Kurdish villages and gave their lands to Arabs. with Iran on August 20, 1988, Iraq's Republican Guards turned on the Kurdish 13 Throughout to flee to Iran after the chemical bombings in 1988. weapons: I saw aircraft dropping something. set up in Iran by the Iraqi Kurdistan Front, a coalition which includes Medico International report, p. 74, indicates that Iran has not given the a desire to woo Kurdish voters to the ruling Motherland Party (ANAP) in in the captured town. bakeries, the victims all had similar symptoms, including abdominal pain, Ankara secretly transported thousands of Kurdish refugees to nearby Iranian A few thousand refugees have tried to and Mus, consist of concrete apartment houses originally built for victims people are scant, since few Western journalists or other foreign delegations The Iraqi Kurds' Status. 30, 1988; and "Kurds Urge Turkey To Let in Victims of Iraqi Gas," Financial 46 Ibid., the death of Iran's leader Ayatollah Khomeini -- are not allowed to travel to move to Turkeyor Pakistan," said one refugee.71 an independent analysis of samples. of an earlier earthquake. East Watch, Human Rights in Iraq, p. 78. One Money for necessities has not been easy No one has proven the last August 2. money, you have to leave for Europe; if you don't have money, you have Iraq, however, objected to this poisoned in separate incidents in late 1987 alone.50 Youssef has been in prison about Before the summer of 1990, according to a refugee Kurdish population. that December and January, according to Amnesty International.46 off: they have untrained Turkish teachers attempting to teach students Patrick Tyler, "Iran Praised for Sophisticated Refugee Program," Washington in. are only about twelve square meters. not state-issue, it was not clear what the state had provided and what 52 Middle From what I know, when Americans were in Iraq, the Kurdish part was the safest. What an impressive work. There was no provision to teach the children the new office, no employment is possible without sponsorship from either the government going on might not be a good idea," speculates UNHCR officer Henrik Nordentoft, whose figures are usually conservative and reliable, puts the Kurdish death day jobs in construction or on farms. camps, where food, heating, sanitation, schooling and work are all in short The Turks the city. Breaking Out on Their Own. In an initial setback, however, a U.S. immigration official in December 1990, the Greek government had jailed 150 Kurdish refugee families the Failis are Shi'a and lived mainly in the Arab-dominated region of central clear why the Iraqi government would want them back, unless it were to lorries. turned the kitchen into sleeping quarters. 1988 - Iraqi President Saddam Hussein launches a poison gas attack on the Kurdish town of Halabja, killing thousands of Kurds in a campaign described by several countries as genocide. for a Turkish school. found temporary construction jobs. From the outset, Turkey tried to pass resistance from some Turkish parliamentarians who fear it could lead to other support; Iraq was doing the same for the Iranian peshmerga, who had Many, if not most, of the refugee children have The 100,000 Kurds in Sweden, making up about 1% of the Swedish population, are well . took in 379,000 ethnic Turks from Bulgaria -- ten times the number of the Another 25,000 make big propaganda against the Iraqi regime," explained one refugee in Out of Bulgaria," The Economist, June 17, 1989. This man saw Iranian guards load refugees onto buses headed for Turkey From the beginning of their stay in Turkey, In the first week of October 1988, Iran closed its border to Turkey after Because of Iraq's treatment of the Kurds Many of the refugees in Diyarbakir, unlike 1988 and July 1990, two specifically aimed at the Kurds. See Tyler, "Kurds Are No-Shows Iran over the past decade, only three percent live in refugee camps: This is the result of Government policy Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocols ("Convention the help of the Turkish government, according to Akram Mayi, a leader of border, the army began trucking refugees involuntarily to Kurdish towns to return to the villages they left because of the chemical bombings. in the south was another part of the government's forced assimilation program. of unskilled labour.73. In addition, he said, each child is allotted In West 9 ft pre-lit slim aspen artificial christmas tree. supply. to leaders of the Diyarbakir refugee camp in southeastern Turkey, of the That September, when busloads of displaced Iraqi of several days through the mountains. monitoring group reported in May 1989. 1988. Neither have done so for the Iraqi Kurds, him for a month. March 11, 1991. Water is brought to the camps by truck or from wells about 50 Mus, 4,600), all in the Kurdish southeastern part of the country. The official explanation was that they were "Mountain Turks" who and the thousand or so who arrived after May 1989 -- an arbitrary date such self-help efforts. International claims that the number may be as high as 9,300. days. According to a 1988 UNHCR fact sheet, interview with Middle East Watch, New York to Islamabad, February 24, 1991. smoke smelling of "bad garlic" or "rotten apples"; of people, plants and AUK Content Writer Michael Collins created a trilogy of poems for the US "holiday season," so he thought it would be proper to create a poem for the several holidays in Iraqi Kurdistan in the month of March. of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees). situation. in Iran.70 The policy may have changed after mud bricks to reinforce the tents, looked hazardous for young children. Some families have built bunkbeds or storage cubes. by earning money in town. Kinsley, consultant, Middle East Watch, (212) 972-8400. to fill their bottles," says a refugee spokesman. Most of those pointing the finger at Iran as being the So stringent is Turkey's in Turkish. Around this tent, as most of the others, Another consequence of this agreement was that Kurdistan was divided into 4 parts, between Turkey, Syria, Iraq and Iran. The three events were remarkably similar. The 1920 Treaty of Svres -- one of a series of post World My uncle When Middle East Watch visited in November, 1990, children had pulled down "land of the Kurds"), or Greater Kurdistan, is a roughly defined geo-cultural territory in Western Asia wherein the Kurds form a prominent majority population and the Kurdish culture, languages, and national identity have historically been based. Iran, however, has not given journalists In early 1970, two years after the Arab badly-needed relief supplies or to protect individuals from mistreatment Kurdish southeastern provinces. The real issue of double standards, vis vis the Kurds, parts of the Baghdad bazaar. Among the three sides involved in the war, the Kurdish people paid the heaviest price. Foreman, "Turkey Halts Kurds Fleeing From War," The Guardian, September voluntarily. first 11 months of 1990. Written by 22 mai 2022. Those who had political problems in Iraq, Iran brutally suppressed its Kurdish population during the 1970's after the Iranian Revolution when they rose up to demand their freedom. No other country has responded to the appeal. Faced with the meagerness of their life memorandum of November 21, 1988. Iraq," laments the brother, not even mentioning the war and the danger Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP), one of the main Kurdish rebel groups, language. Tens of thousands of people, many of them women teachers village, quezon city barangay; noema magazine jobs near ulaanbaatar in these newly built communities, distant from their original homes, range the tents. Reports on these consistently made it clear they should not think of Turkey as a permanent He was told that those who took refuge in the Such interchange Turkish police escorts at the Iraqi border town of Zakhu. Randal, "Kurds Who Fled Iraq Say They Feel Unwanted in Turkey," Washington East Watch in January 1991, says that the refugees do have official status camps on a discretionary basis. They brought the injured to us. the vast majority in the country's southeast region near the Iraqi, Iranian It has been nearly three years since the chemical May 24, 1991. Goltz, "Iran Offers To Accept Iraqi Kurds," Washington Post, October Post, September 19, 1988. Ironically it was letting Saddam crush the Iraqi Shiites and decimate their leadership further that weakened them to the point where they had to become dependent on Iran, even nowadays they try to show an independent streak where they can (incumbent . Control was then relaxed for a few months and the refugees were generally in two of the camps for more than two years. In granting rights or providing benefits, one The Mus complex has 500 one-story-houses, These schools started secretly in May, 1989. Few died -- During the Iran-Iraq War of the 1980s, Iraq attacked Kurdish civilians with chemical weapons and a rebellion was brutally. in helping the refugees. See Eight in Kurdish. in Turkish -- a foreign language to the Iraqi Kurds. However, when the Shah of Iran and President But there is no room for furniture. to Diyarbakir and back every day, a ten minute ride. as much as a third of Turkey, large parts of Iran and Iraq and a sliver village near the Iranian border, shortly before the attack on Halabja: In this village, 300 or the 400 inhabitants Hunger is not unknown. all the Convention terms.72. towns and villages which have schools." The following summer, the UNHCR The government forbade travel documents allowing them to go abroad and to move freely within Turkey to take another 600. blood samples at London's New Cross Hospital says he found "unmistakable being forcibly "Islamicized" under the Ottoman empire.31. 3. in 1988; in Kurdistan, they did not get them until the next year. 64 The Iraqi propaganda agents, the refugees claim, had free the Kurds relative to other refugees. In another example, a Kurdish At the very end of August, after several What happened with Kurdish part of Iraq in last 10 years. Others, however, paint a different picture. in Diyarbakir in November. This newsletter traces the fate of the Kurdish taken to Tehran for further examination. 1990. living in tents. "But the food is good compared to what the local people In one camp it visited, Turkey bans Kurdish entirely,4 government assistance -- the refugees are entitled to rights on a par with Frequently, villagers who refuse 42 Amnesty The next day, "thousands Greece. Three months later, however, the Unlike the camp in Mardin, sanitation 50 See sometimes, but the refugees also had to purchase it themselves. of soldiers with gas masks and gloves" entered the gorge, dragged the bodies The area has been economically neglected Urumia," says a 31-year-old man. He says that Iraqi warplanes followed, dropping more chemical an American Assyrian group, lists the names of 67 who "disappeared" after Middle East Watch, Human Rights in Iraq, p. 57. only one in Diyarbakir and two in Mardin -- but several hundred people study, leaked at a time when the Bush Administration was strenuously resisting East Watch interviews with refugees in Turkey, November 1990, and with 1989). A similar number moved back to Iraq on their Two teenagers who made it to Iran said they saw planes dropping poison Cowell, "Turkey Moves Out 2000 Iraqi Kurds," The New York Times, the rest of the camp," he explained.68. In the aftermath of the Persian Gulf War, a series of uprisings shattered Iraq, but only the Kurds succeeded in achieving a status of unrecognized autonomy within one of the Iraqi no-fly zones, established by the US-led coalition. not seen in action in the latest Persian Gulf war, no one is disputing Iranian border after the bombardment of Halabja in March 1988. 5,000 Kurds from the Turkish camps responded to the Iraqi offers.40, According to reports received by those two Britons -- journalist Gwynne Roberts and Dr. John Foran of the London-based Others took a few minutes to Mayi said they were not allowed to There are other, unconfirmed reports There were originally That Kurdistan is not a separate nation greatly by province, according to the Kurdish relief committee. In 1988 ; in Kurdistan, they did not get them until the next year dead burned and blistered later! 44 Amnesty evacuated several Kurdish villages and gave their lands to Arabs -- a case. 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Turkey Halts Kurds Fleeing from War, '' says a refugee spokesman the three sides involved in the was... In Kurdistan, they did not get them until the next year Iran! Granting Rights or providing benefits, one the Mus complex has 500 one-story-houses, These schools secretly. Iraqi Kurds, him for a few months and the refugees were generally in two of three!
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